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Physics Formula Sheet

All important Physics formulas for Class 6–12, grouped chapter-wise for fast, exam-ready revision.

Units & Measurement

Density
ρ = mass / volume
Relative density
RD = density of substance / density of water
Percentage error
% error = (Δa / a) × 100
Speed
speed = distance / time

Motion & Kinematics

Average velocity
v = total displacement / total time
Acceleration
a = (v − u) / t
First equation of motion
v = u + at
Second equation of motion
s = ut + ½at2
Third equation of motion
v2 = u2 + 2as
Distance in nth second
sₙ = u + (a/2)(2n − 1)
Projectile range
R = u2 sin 2θ / g

Force & Laws of Motion

Newton's second law
F = m·a
Momentum
p = m·v
Impulse
J = F·t = Δp
Weight
W = m·g
Friction
f = μ·N
Centripetal force
F = mv2 / r

Work, Energy & Power

Work done
W = F·s·cos θ
Kinetic energy
KE = ½mv2
Potential energy
PE = mgh
Power
P = W / t = F·v
Work–energy theorem
W = ΔKE = ½mv2 − ½mu2

Rotational Motion

Torque
τ = r × F = I·α
Angular momentum
L = I·ω
Rotational KE
KE = ½Iω2
Angular velocity
ω = 2π / T = 2πn
Relation v–ω
v = r·ω

Gravitation

Universal gravitation
F = G·(m₁·m₂) / r2
Acceleration due to gravity
g = G·M / R2
Escape velocity
vₑ = √(2gR)
Orbital velocity
v₀ = √(GM / r)
Gravitational PE
U = − G·M·m / r

Mechanical Properties & Fluids

Pressure
P = F / A
Pressure in a fluid
P = ρgh
Hooke's law
stress = E × strain
Stress
stress = force / area
Buoyant force
F = ρ·V·g (Archimedes principle)

Heat & Thermodynamics

Heat energy
Q = m·c·ΔT
Latent heat
Q = m·L
First law of thermodynamics
ΔU = Q − W
Celsius to Kelvin
K = °C + 273.15
Linear expansion
ΔL = L·α·ΔT

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
Pressure of gas
P = (1/3)·(mN/V)·v̄2
Average KE per molecule
KE = (3/2)·k·T
RMS speed
vrms = √(3RT / M)

Oscillations & Waves (SHM, Sound)

Time period of SHM
T = 2π√(m / k)
Simple pendulum
T = 2π√(L / g)
Frequency
f = 1 / T
Wave speed
v = f·λ
Speed of sound (string)
v = √(T / μ)

Electrostatics

Coulomb's law
F = k·(q₁·q₂) / r2, k = 9 × 109
Electric field
E = F / q = k·Q / r2
Electric potential
V = k·Q / r
Capacitance
C = Q / V
Energy in capacitor
E = ½CV2

Current Electricity

Ohm's law
V = I·R
Electric current
I = Q / t
Electric power
P = V·I = I2R = V2/R
Resistors in series
R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ …
Resistors in parallel
1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ …
Resistivity
R = ρL / A
Electrical energy
E = P·t = V·I·t

Magnetism & EMI

Force on a conductor
F = B·I·L·sin θ
Force on a charge
F = q·v·B·sin θ
Magnetic flux
Φ = B·A·cos θ
Faraday's law
emf = − dΦ / dt
Transformer
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np

Light & Ray Optics

Mirror formula
1/v + 1/u = 1/f
Lens formula
1/v − 1/u = 1/f
Magnification (mirror)
m = −v / u = h′/h
Power of a lens
P = 1 / f (in metres), unit = Dioptre
Refractive index
n = c / v = sin i / sin r
Lens maker formula
1/f = (n − 1)(1/R₁ − 1/R₂)

Modern Physics

Energy of a photon
E = h·ν = h·c / λ
Photoelectric effect
hν = W₀ + KEmax
de Broglie wavelength
λ = h / (m·v)
Mass–energy relation
E = mc2
Radioactive decay
N = N₀·e−λt
Half-life
t½ = 0.693 / λ
About this sheet

About the Physics Formula Sheet

This Physics formula sheet compiles all the essential formulas from Class 6 to Class 12 in one place. It starts with measurement and motion taught in middle school and Class 9–10 Science, then moves through laws of motion, work, energy and power, gravitation, electricity and optics, all the way to the Class 11–12 topics of thermodynamics, oscillations, electrostatics, electromagnetic induction and modern physics.

Each formula is grouped chapter-wise and follows the NCERT / CBSE syllabus, making it ideal for ICSE and State Board students too, as well as NEET, JEE and NDA aspirants. Use it to revise key relationships quickly, to recall units and constants, and to build a strong formula foundation before solving numerical problems.

  • Motion, equations of motion and projectile motion
  • Newton's laws, friction, momentum and circular motion
  • Work, energy, power, gravitation and rotational motion
  • Heat, thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases
  • Electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism and induction
  • Ray & wave optics and modern physics formulas
FAQ

Physics Formulas — FAQs

Quick answers about using this Physics formula sheet for Class 6–12 revision.

Yes. Light (reflection & refraction), electricity, magnetic effects of current, and the work–energy concepts from Class 10 Science are all included along with their formulas.
The sheet covers all the standard Class 11–12 formulas that NEET and JEE are built on. For those exams you should also practise applying each formula to numerical and conceptual problems.
Units & measurement, kinematics, laws of motion, work-energy-power, rotational motion, gravitation, thermodynamics, oscillations & waves, electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, optics and modern physics.
Key formulas list their units and important constants (such as G, k and R) where they matter, so you can keep track of units while solving numericals.

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